Chapter I- Physical Quantities and units
Scalar- A quantity having magnitude only
Vector- A quantity having magnitude and direction

Chapter II- Kinematics
Distance: Total path length taken between two points
Displacement: Change of position of a point in a particular direction
Speed: The rate of change of distance [distance/time]
Velocty: The rate of change of displacement [displacement/time]
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity [ (final velocity-initial velocity)/time ]

Chapter 3- Dynamics
Newton's first law: An object at rest will continue to stay at rest and a moving object will continue to move in a straight line if there are no external forces acting on it.
Newton's Second Law- The acceleration of an object is directly proportionate and in the same direction as the force applied but inversely proportionate to the mass of the object. [ f = ma ]
Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Chapter 4- Mass, Weight, Density
Mass: Measure of the amount of matter that an object contains
Weight: Attractive force exerted on an object due to gravity. [W= mg]
Inertia: The tendency for an object at rest to remain at rest and an moving object to continue moving in the same magnitude and direction.
Gravitational field: region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.
Density: Mass per unit volume

Chapter 5- Moments
Moment: Product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action from the pivot. [m= f x d ]
Principle of moment: Total anti-clockwise moment is equal to total clock-wise moment about the same point when an object is in equilibrum.
Centre of gravity: A point through which the entire weight of the object seems to act
Stability: Ability of an object to regain its original position after it has been displaced slightly.

Chapter 6- Pressure
pressure: force acting normally per unit area
Boyle's law: Under a constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportionate to its volume.

Chapter 7- Energy, work, power
Energy: The ability to do work
kinetic energy: [ (1/2)mv^2 ]
Potential energy: mgh
Work: product of the force and the distance moved by the object in the direction of the force. [W=f x d]

Chapter 8- Kinetic Particle Theory
Brownian motion: The molement of smoke particles is due to the random bombardment by the air molecules and proves that air molecules are at random motion.

Chapter 9- Transfer of thermal energy
thermal equilibrum: When two objects have the same temperature, they are in thermal equilibrum
Conduction: Process by which heat is transmittes through a medium from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
Convection: Process by which heat is transmitted from one place in another through the movement of the heated particle of a gas or liquid.
Radiation: Method of heat transfer whereby heat energy is transmitted from a hot object to a cold object in the form of infra-red and does not require any medium.

Chapter 10- Temperature
Thermometer- Main design features
Mercury contained in thin-wall glass bulb: allows conduction of heat quickly through the glass to the liquid
Bulb made small to contain little liquid- A small amount of liquid will be more responsive to heat
Bore of capillary tube is fine and uniform- Fine tube allows noticeable movement of the liquid column for a small change in temperature. Uniform tube ensures even expansion of the liquid.
Walls of capillary tube made thick: magnifying glass for easy reading
Size of thermometer is small: portable and cheap to produce
Sensitivity: Change in reading of the thermometer for a small change in temperature
Range: Span of temperature that thermometer can measure
Responsiveness: Ability of thermometer to give the reading in a short time

Chapter 11- Thermal properties of matter
Heat capacity: Amount of energy that is needed to heat the object up by 1Kelvin
Specific heat capacity: Amount of energy needed to heat one kg of an object up by 1 kelvin
Latent heat of fusion/vaporization: Energy needed to change state of given object of given mass at a constant temperature

Chapter 12- General wave properties
Transverse wave: The particle are moving in a perpendicular motion from the direction of travel of the wave
Longitudinal wave: The particles are moving in a parallel motion from the direction of travel of the wave
Wavelength: Min. distance for one wave to be generated
Amplitude: The max. displacement of the particle from its rest postion.
Wavefront: A line which joins all the identical points of the wave
Period: time taken to complete one wave
Frequency: number of waves generated per second

Chapter 13- Light
Laws of reflection:
1. The incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie on the same plane
2. Angle of incidence= angle of reflection
Laws of refraction:
1.The incident ray, refracted ray and normal are all in the same plane
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angel of refraction is a constant. [Snell's law]
Critical Angle: Angel of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90 deg.
Total internal reflection: When light travels from a denser to a less dense medium and the angle of incidence if greater than the critical angle, all the light is reflected back into the optically denser medium.
Magnification= height of object/height of image= image distance/object distance

Chapter 15- Sound
Principle of transmission: Rarefaction & compression
Amplitude and loudness are directly proportionate
Frequency and pitch are directly proportionate

Chapter 17-Current Electricity
Current: rate of charge flowing
EMF: energy supplied to drive one coulomb of charge around the circuit.
PD: Energy converted per unit charge
Ohm's law: Current passing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points.

Chapter 19- Practical electricity
Electrical power: Rate of using electical energy