Chemistry- Atomic structure and chemical bonding

• An atom consists of three particles.
  
  1. Proton (Positive charge)
     
  2. Neutron (no charge)<>
  3. <>Electron (Negative charge)
     
     
• Proton number=electron number
  
  
• Up to this stage, we only need to care about electrons. The other two can sua.
  
  
• Electrons are arranged in energy shells. The first shell can take 2 electrons, second can take 8 and the third can take 8 as well. Sulphur can take 10 in it's third shell. Extra la. The shells more than these, we don't need to know yet. I also don't know.
  
  Below is an example of how the shell thing, called the electronic configuration is drawn. This is the electronic configuration of sulphur, S.
  
  Sulphur has 16electrons. What matters is not the electrons of the first and second shell, but the other most shell. The others also can sua. As you can see, there are 6 electrons in the outermost shell and therefore sulphur is in Group VI of the periodic table. The groups of the periodic table tells you the number of electrons each element has in their outer most shell. The elements without a group are called transition metals. You don't need to know what they are. They'll kill you.
  

• The third shell requires 8 electrons for it to be full right? The sulphur only has 6 electrons at the outermost shell right? Then it needs two more electrons. Since each electron has a charge of (-1) and sulphur needs 2 more electrons to obtain the octet configuration, sulphur has a charge of (-2) and is presented in this way: S^(-2)
  
  
• However, for elements such as Sodium, which has one electron in its outermost shell, will have a charge of (+1) instead. you compare ar, having to give away one electron and having to steal 7 others. giving away one is easier right? So the elements in group I to IV have positive charges instead. they give away the negative one, so it's in mathematical terms, (-)(-1)=+1. So its positive.
  
  
• But something to take note of is some elements in group III and IV may be transition metals too. This one don't worry. It's gonna be indicated by the names of the elements. For example, Lead is in group IV, but it may have different charges. Lead(IV) may have a charge of (+4), but Lead(II) has a charge of (2+). How to determine? By their names.
  
  
• Group 0 elements are unreactive because they have already filled their outermost shells. Thus they have no charge.